The theory of constraints is a useful tool to help organizations understand, identify, and ultimately remove the root-cause constraints holding back an organization from realizing the full potential of what agile at scale promises. In this presentation, Niall will draw from his experience in launching over a dozen Agile Release Trains together with examples where he utilized selected elements of scaling frameworks where they made sense for an organization’s context. Using a case study format Niall will walk through an anonymized consulting engagement in which the client had adopted a scaled agile framework, but the implementation failed to produce the benefits promised. Niall will showcase what he did to surface the deeper constraints in the system as well as share the experiments he ran to discover a way forward to agile at scale benefits.